In 1755, in the notice [avis] following his preface to the Introduction à l’Histoire de Dannemarc ou l’on traite de la Religion, des Loix, des Mœurs & des Usages des Anciens Danois, Paul-Henri Mallet indicated that “Cette introduction ne tardera pas à être suivie d’une Traduction de l’Edda & de quelques autres morceaux de Mythologie & de Poesie anciennes” [“This introduction will soon be followed by a Translation of the Edda & some other pieces of ancient Mythology & Poetry”]. This paragraph announced the first partial French translation of Snorri’s Edda and of extracts from the Poetic Edda, then entitled Ancienne Edda [Elder Edda], the composition of which was attributed to “Sæmund dit le Savant” [Sæmundr the Learned]. Mallet noted that this collection was lost except for three pieces, the Völuspá, the Hávamál and the Runic Chapter,1 which he introduced in 1756 in his work entitled: Monumens de la mythologie et de la poesie des celtes et particulierement des anciens scandinaves: Pour servir de supplement et de preuves à l’introduction à l’histoire de Dannemarc.2 This understanding of the corpus of the Edda, which is also found in the work of Louis-Félix Guynement de Keralio,3 derives from the first editions of the poems by Peder Hansen Resen (1665) and by Thomas Bartholin (1689).4 Bartholin’s work allowed Mallet to incorporate an excerpt from the Baldrs draumar. Following the 1779 publication by Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin,5 Mallet also included excerpts from the Vafþrúðnismál in 1787. Thus, the long tradition of translations of the Poetic Edda in French started in the second half of the eighteenth century. However, the French-speaking world did not only produce translations but also contributed editions of the Poetic Edda with, for example, Poëmes islandais, by Frédéric-Guillaume Bergmann who, in 1838, presented the edition and translation of three poems: Völuspá, Vafþrúðnismál, and Lokasenna.6 In total, more than thirty translations and editions of the Poetic Edda or of Eddic poems were published during the long nineteenth century.7 They testify to the involvement of French-speaking research in the reception of and enthusiasm for the medieval North during this period.8 Although the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have continued this tradition, it has been carried out at a slower pace and, with the exception of three scholars,9 research has mainly focused on individual poems.
The present work contains all the French translations and editions of the Poetic Edda from the first studies dating back to the eighteenth century to the present day.10 Its main goal is to facilitate future research. It is based upon and extends the bibliographies of Halldór Hermannsson and Jóhann Sigurjónsson Hannesson.11 The format, language, and approach of this study therefore follows that used by these two authors, with a few adaptations.12 In addition to the inclusion of references for the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, I was able to find numerous translations and editions that were not included in the two previous bibliographies. Thus, for the pre-1950 period covered by Halldór Hermannsson and Jóhann Sigurjónsson Hannesson, the corpus has been expanded from eleven to forty-two references. Based on intertextual references and commentaries of the time, the present work has also been able to provide some missing publication dates.13 I have also brought to light five manuscripts that have never been published and had never been studied before: three manuscripts by Félix Gynement de Keralio which are preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF),14 one manuscript by Louis Le Pontois kept at the Bibliothèque Nordique,15 and one manuscript by Arsène Thiébaut de Berneaud preserved at the Bibliothèque Mazarine.16
The Corpus
The following bibliography includes all the French translations and editions of the Poetic Edda.17 Following Halldór Hermannsson’s and Jóhann Sigurjónsson Hannesson’s approach, I have included the individual poems. However, I have not listed them in a separate list from the more “complete” translations of the Poetic Edda, a corpus that has evolved greatly as new editions and translations have been made.18 Indeed, the terms Edda de Sæmund [Edda of Sæmund], Edda poétique [Poetic Edda] and Edda ancienne [Elder Edda] which can be found in the listed publications refer to a group of mythological and heroic poems, collected notably in the Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to, around 1275. Since the first French translations, the name Edda poétique has referred to a broader corpus than that of the Codex Regius as other Eddic poems have been transmitted in other manuscripts, such as AM 748 I a 4to for the Baldrs draumar, a poem already cited by Mallet in his work of 1756.19 Some poems like Hrafnagaldr Óðins or Sólarljóð which were included in several translations of the nineteenth century do not correspond to the twentieth and twenty-first-century understanding of the corpus of the Poetic Edda.20 Many French translations, however, never intended to be exhaustive. Some translations initially started with bigger ambitions that were revised later on;21 some were only interested in mythological or heroic poems; others were part of larger anthologies;22 and others only focused on a group of poems or a specific poem. I decided therefore to list all the works in chronological order, regardless of whether they focus on one poem, several poems, a part of the Edda or the entire Poetic Edda (according to the contemporary understanding of the translator or editor). In line with the initial work of Halldór Hermannsson and Jóhann Sigurjónsson Hannesson, I have not included adaptations like the work of William Ritter.23 As the productions of Charles Marie Leconte de Lisle fall in this category, they are excluded from the bibliography. I have also excluded scholarly books, articles24 and reviews25 that cite text passages from the Poetic Edda to illustrate their argument. I decided to include any study held in a library or available from a library portal. This allowed us to incorporate articles published directly in open access as well as theses and manuscripts. I have also included re-editions when they did not consist in a simple reprint of the text. Therefore, I did not add the reprints in print-on-demand.26
The Making of the Corpus and History of Research
Producing a bibliography on the Eddas is not a new undertaking and it began as early as the end of the eighteenth century with Nyerup in 1798.27 Halldór Hermannsson’s work, Bibliography of the Eddas, constitutes one of the central studies on the topic. Published in 1920, it is a continuation of his previous works such as the Bibliography of the Mythical-Heroic Sagas of 1912.28 The 1920 work is divided into two main parts: “Sæmundar Eddda” and “Snorra Edda.” The first one includes: “Editions,” “Translations,” “Works on the Edda,” “Individual poems.” The second one includes: “Editions,” “The grammatical treatises,” “Translations,” “Works on the Edda.” The book ends with an author index. The part on “Sæmundar Edda” mentions the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Latin, Norwegian, Polish, Spanish, and Swedish translations. Halldór Hermannsson lists three editions and five French translations dating from before 1920. This study was continued thirty-five years later by Jóhann Sigurjónsson Hannesson, who added a supplement to this bibliography listing the editions, translations, and works published in the period between 1920 and 1955.29 Jóhann Sigurjónsson Hannesson mostly followed the same division as Halldór Hermannsson,30 so that his work is a direct continuation of Halldór Hermannsson’s bibliography. Moreover, Jóhann Sigurjónsson Hannesson also had access to Halldór Hermannsson’s card file.31 In addition to these two bibliographies, two websites exist which list some of the French translations and editions of the Poetic Edda. The website Germanic Mythology: Texts, Translations, Scholarship by William P. Reaves proposes a webpage on editions and translations of the Eddas in languages other than English. It contains ten entries on French translations and editions.32 The most complete website is Hanna Steinunn Þorleifsdóttir›s Littérature islandaise en traduction française [Icelandic Literature in French Translation] which offers a bibliographical list of translations of medieval and contemporary Icelandic literature and which, at the time of writing, lists twenty entries for the Poetic Edda.33 In parallel to these lists of French translations and editions, numerous journals list new publications every year.34 Similarly, several bibliographies also exist about the North.35
The making of the following bibliography was based, above all, on the analysis of references authors made to each other, especially, for the nineteenth century publications. The reviews and publishing advertisements of this period also served as a precious source for this list.36 Finally, the work was completed by a search into French library collections, in particular the Bibliothèque Nordique, the Bibliothèque nationale universitaire of Strasbourg (BNU) and the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF). In total, this bibliography contains fifty-five references.
